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Peter
Walls, Rhodesia
Lieutenant
General Peter Walls, G.L.M.;
D.C.D.; M.B.E., who died aged 83 on 20th
July 2010, should go down in history as one of the most
successful of counter-insurgency commanders. Yet even he could
not prevail in an unwinnable war against nationalists determined
to overturn minority white rule and transform Rhodesia into
Zimbabwe. |
He was
born in Rhodesia in 1927 into family with military tradition. His
father, George, had been a pioneer pilot in the colony and had
volunteered for service with the Royal Air Force shortly after its
formation. When Peter left Plumtree School, one of the most
distinguished in Rhodesia, he already had his sights set on an army
career. He volunteered for the British Army during WW2 and attended
the Staff College at Camberley, which welcomed students from the
Commonwealth. When the war ended he joined the Black Watch and was
appointed Assistant Adjutant in the Highland Brigade Training Centre.
He resigned his commission when the Army decided to transfer him,
choosing, in his own words, "to return to my beloved Rhodesia
rather serve in any regiment other than the Black Watch". He
could not stay away from soldiering for long, joining the Southern
Rhodesian Staff Corps in the rank of corporal. With his experience and
application he was promoted rapidly through the ranks and was soon
commissioned again.
He went to
Malaya during the military operations against the communist insurgency
from 1951 to 1953 as commander of "The Far Eastern Volunteer
Group" (which became "C" Squadron (Rhodesia) 22 SAS).
It was composed entirely of Rhodesian officers and men, who were
physically tough, well educated and idealistic. Despite a tendency to
suffer more from tropical diseases than other Commonwealth troops,
they proved themselves to be outstanding jungle fighters. On return
home, their unit continued on as C Squadron, SAS right up to their
disbandment in 1979. 22 SAS honoured their Malayan service, by leaving
their squadron slot vacant to the present day. Walls was made a MBE
(military) in 1953 for his Malayan SAS service where he also
wrote himself into airborne history.
| n May 1952, Major Walls took part in a parachuting
experiment to ascertain the theory of ‘Tree-Jumping’, which
went against all orthodoxy. From a RAF Dakota over the Betong
Gap, along with Johnny Cooper (a WW2 SAS ‘Original’), he was
to deliberately steer his X-Type parachute into the rain forest
canopy and hopefully snag it in the 200 foot high trees. He
would then abseil down using a 150 foot long knotted rope. It
seemed reckless but there was method to the madness. Three
months before, high wind caused an entire SAS stick to be
dropped in trees, with only light casualties. |
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I The men had
climbed safely down using ropes. That got the SAS ‘head-sheds’
thinking. It may be safer to snag chutes in the forest canopy, than
risk landing blind onto a cleared DZ, containing lethal hazards such
as razor sharp bamboo and deadwood logs. All that was needed was a
more efficient way of getting down. Walls was encouraged to do the
first test jump. He landed safely in the trees, but unfortunately a
minute before, a trailing static-line from his chute broke Coopers arm
on exiting. Cooper was safely retrieved without further injury from
the trees. Tree-jumping continued to be used by the SAS till 1954,
before, inevitably, being abandoned due to an increase in injuries
from the trees.
Walls
continued to shine, and in 1964 assumed command of the 1st Battalion,
the Rhodesian Light Infantry (RLI), an unit of tough young
professional soldiers which was to become famous in the bush war. He
was the ideal commander for "troopies", as the soldiers of
the RLI were known. Walls was tall, broad-shouldered and a man of
action who liked to lead from the front. He was also a convivial and
personable man who surprised those who served under him with an
amazing memory of names and family circumstances.
In 1972 Prime
Minister Ian Smith approved the appointment of Walls as General
Officer Commanding the Rhodesian Army, as the bush war began in
earnest. He knew from his Malayan experience that a key element in any
anti-guerrilla war strategy would be the gathering of intelligence
from within the enemy ranks. He summoned his old friend and colleague
from the Malayan emergency and the RLI, Ron Reid-Daly, and asked him
to form the Selous Scouts, a unit that ostensibly would be for
tracking but would operate clandestinely behind and within guerrilla
ranks.
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He also realised that the small
white minority population of Rhodesia would never be able to
hold out against the larger guerilla forces aligned against
them, if they chose only to react, against enemy attack. Thus,
he advocated a policy of pre-emptive action against guerilla
bases in neighbouring African countries. 20,000 guerillas were
killed in the course of the war by units such as the RLI, SAS,
Selous Scouts and Rhodesian African Rifles. Walls, now Commander
of Combined Operations, said in September 1978 that there is "no
single day of the year when we are not operating beyond our
border”. Unfortunately, it was always lack of
international recognition (plus crippling UN sanctions) for
Rhodesia that undermined any military success.
Eventually, a 1980 peace deal negotiated at Lancaster House,
Salisbury resulted in a British interregnum in Rhodesia, with
Lord Soames as governor backed by a team of top Foreign Office
officials and a small force of British troops. Walls, as army
commander, found himself drawn inexorably into the political
process. |
Following
Robert Mugabes unexpected landslide victory, Walls immediately wrote
to Magaret Thatcher calling for a new election, claiming that the
imperfect "assembly point" plan for guerrillas to gather and
hand in their weapons had not worked and that the insurgents had
infiltrated most rural areas. His plea was in vain. The beleaguered
general decided that the best option was to opt immediately to serve
the Mugabe regime by organising the amalgamation of the rival armies,
believing this would offer the best future for the many thousands of
professional officers and men who had fought for him for so long and
with much sacrifice.
Mugabe,
in the spirit of reconciliation he affected at the time, agreed. Walls
went on national television to warn that troublemakers among his
former forces "will not be tolerated". It was too late. On
17 March 1980, after several unsuccessful assassination attempts
Mugabe accused Walls of involvement, "Why are your men trying
to kill me?" which Walls refuted with the most obvious
retort, "If they were my men you would be dead”. After
relations with Mugabe further declined, he exiled himself to South
Africa where he stayed till his death in 2010.
May he rest in
peace
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